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Neonatal hypertension
Introduction First described in the 1970s, awareness of neonatal hypertension has increased over the past several decades. Despite this, there is still uncertainty over which neonates require treatment for hypertension, primarily because of conflicting data on normative blood pressure (BP)…
Urosepsis and uroprophylaxis
Introduction Late-onset sepsis, defined as sepsis occurring after 72 hours of age, is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in term and preterm neonates. Most of the research on neonatal sepsis has thus far focused on blood and cerebrospinal fluid…
Renal near-infrared spectroscopy use in the neonate
As bedside monitoring capabilities continue to advance in the neonatal intensive care unit, renal tissue oxygenation monitoring with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has emerged as a potentially useful tool for clinicians. Renal perfusion and oxygen utilization by the neonatal kidney is…
Renal tubular acidosis
Renal acid-base regulation Since birth, the kidney represents the crucial ultimate line of defense against disturbances of acid-base balance, which is performed by the tubular reabsorption of bicarbonate and the excretion of fixed hydrogen ions. The glomerulus contributes to renal…
Dialysis and kidney transplantation in infancy
Introduction Although the provision of dialysis and the need for a kidney transplant during infancy is rare, medical advancements have led to increased availability and efficacy of these treatments when needed worldwide. Data from the US Renal Data System (USRDS)…
Diagnosis and management of prenatal urinary tract dilatation
Definitions and scope of prenatal urinary tract dilation Abnormal dilation of the fetal urinary tract is a common finding during antenatal screening ultrasound (US) (1%–3% of all pregnancies), second only to cardiac defects. This dilation signifies a spectrum of disease,…
Effect of preterm birth on renal outcomes
Introduction Preterm birth is estimated to impact 15 million births worldwide annually. Due to advancements in the treatment of preterm infants, survival of these infants has improved, albeit with increased morbidity due to the development of chronic diseases, especially in…
Evidence-based approach to diuretic therapy in the neonate
Introduction Diuretics are commonly used in the neonatal population to treat infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), cardiac disease associated with congestive heart failure, and acute kidney injury (AKI). The relatively high frequency of diuretic use has been documented by several…
Genetic causes of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract
Introduction Congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract (CAKUT) encompass many heterogenous anomalies of the kidney, ureter, bladder, and urethra ( Fig. 8.1 ). CAKUT is the leading cause of kidney disease and of renal failure in children. The…