Preoperative Evaluation Congenital heart disease (CHD) accounts for nearly one-third of major congenital abnormalities, with an estimated worldwide birth prevalence of 9.1 cases per 1000 live births. In the United States, this represents the birth of 40,000 babies with CHD…
Congenital Heart Disease Incidence Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common congenital anomaly, affecting approximately 1% of live births. Although CHD represents the leading cause of neonatal mortality, advances in medical and surgical management over the past several decades,…
General Perioperative Considerations A thorough preoperative evaluation is essential when caring for the child who is scheduled for thoracic surgery. Appropriate imaging and laboratory studies should be performed according to the lesion involved. Guidelines for fasting, choice of premedication, and…
The Differences Between The pediatric and adult airways are important determinants of the anesthetic technique. Knowledge of normal developmental anatomy and physiologic function is required to understand and manage both the normal and the pathologic airways of infants and children…
RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS ARE COMMON in children. The anesthesiologist often encounters pulmonary complications ranging from mild acute respiratory tract infections to chronic lung disease with end-stage respiratory failure during perioperative consultations, intraoperatively, or in the intensive care unit. This chapter discusses…
DESPITE ADVANCES IN PEDIATRIC SURGERY, infants and children may sustain major operative blood loss, but little information is available about when coagulation defects will begin to appear in children. Most studies of massive blood transfusions have involved adult patients, with…
ALTHOUGH CHILDHOOD CANCER is not particularly common, it is the second most common cause of death in children younger than 15 years of age. The most common malignancies affecting children are different from those affecting adults. Leukemia, brain tumors, lymphomas,…
HEMATOLOGIC DISORDERS IN CHILDHOOD may present to an anesthesiologist in many ways. They may be the primary cause for a surgical procedure, such as hereditary spherocytosis (HS) in a child requiring splenectomy, or a factor complicating a common surgical procedure,…
ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCES ARE COMMON in children because of their small size, large ratio of surface area to volume, and immature homeostatic mechanisms. As a result, fluid management can be challenging. On the ward, in the operating room, or in the…
THE MOST COMMON INDICATIONS for total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) techniques in children are as follows: those at risk for malignant hyperthermia (in whom inhalational agents are contraindicated); children with a high risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting, brief radiologic or…