DISORDERS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM are common in childhood, and their diverse manifestations and complications may lead to diagnostic and surgical interventions that require anesthesia. Children with these disorders are subject to the same acute illnesses, such as acute appendicitis,…
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE (CHD) has been favorably altered over the past several decades by remarkable advances in medical and surgical care. These refinements have resulted in decreased morbidity and improvement in long-term outcomes in affected children.…
THE USE OF CATHETERIZATION in the care of children with congenital heart disease (CHD) was first described by Dexter and colleagues in 1947 with the first interventional procedure, balloon atrial septostomy, subsequently described by Rashkind and Miller in 1966. Over…
THE NUMBER OF INFANTS and children who are hospitalized each year with cardiorespiratory collapse that requires artificial support is substantive. Despite maximal medical therapy, failure of the cardiac and/or respiratory systems to provide adequate end-organ perfusion and oxygenation often results…
BLEEDING IS AN INEVITABLE CONSEQUENCE of surgery and trauma. Provided the coagulation processes are normal, a meticulous hemostatic surgical technique is usually adequate to achieve hemostasis for most surgical procedures. However, if the degree of injury is more extensive, major…
THIS CHAPTER REVIEWS THE equipment and strategies for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in infants and children, focusing on how they differ compared with CPB in adults. We review the effects of CPB on the key organ systems and discuss specific management…
THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM plays a dominant role within the human body: a centrally located “powerhouse” provides oxygen and nutrients via an extensive network of vessels and capillaries throughout the body. All other organ systems depend on its normal development and…
Preoperative Evaluation Congenital heart disease (CHD) accounts for nearly one-third of major congenital abnormalities, with an estimated worldwide birth prevalence of 9.1 cases per 1000 live births. In the United States, this represents the birth of 40,000 babies with CHD…
Congenital Heart Disease Incidence Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common congenital anomaly, affecting approximately 1% of live births. Although CHD represents the leading cause of neonatal mortality, advances in medical and surgical management over the past several decades,…
The Differences Between The pediatric and adult airways are important determinants of the anesthetic technique. Knowledge of normal developmental anatomy and physiologic function is required to understand and manage both the normal and the pathologic airways of infants and children…