Introduction Pressure sores, also known as pressure injuries, pressure ulcers, decubitus ulcers, and bedsores, are a common problem. A pressure sore comprises a “localized injury to the skin and/or underlying tissue usually over a bony prominence, as a result of…
Perineal Reconstruction Niri S. Niranjan and Charles Y.Y. Loh Perineal reconstruction is a challenging feat and there are multiple considerations for the surgeon. Discussed here are the relevant anatomy, common workhorse flaps for perineal reconstructions, our tips and tricks from…
Anatomy The abdominal wall is a multilayered structure that wraps around and protects the abdominal viscera. In addition, it is involved in numerous other functions including trunk movement, respiratory effort (active expiration), and an adjunctive force in micturition and defecation.…
Overview of the Thoracic Cage The thoracic cage serves two principal functions: to protect the thorax and upper abdomen and their associated viscera, and to allow movement for ventilation. It consists of 12 pairs of ribs and their respective costal…
For videos accompanying this chapter see ExpertConsult.com . See inside cover for access details. Introduction The best way to approach esthetic breast surgery is to work with gravity – not against it. Remove tissue where it is in excess and…
Embryology Breast development begins at approximately the 5th to 6th embryonic week. It proceeds from a single ectodermal bud and begins developing along the ventral side of the embryo as paired longitudinal bands of thickened ectoderm called milk lines (mammary…
Introduction The female breast is a defining characteristic of femininity, and its distortion or absence may result in significant quality of life impairment and psychological distress. As a result, a variety of surgical techniques have been developed for reconstruction of…
For video accompanying this chapter see ExpertConsult.com . See inside cover for access details. Introduction Breast augmentation is the most popular esthetic surgery procedure. In the United States 450,000 implants are placed for reconstructive surgery purposes and 5,083,717 for breast…
Introduction The modern management of facial trauma had its origins in the trenches of World War I, when disciplines united to deal with the devastating results of missiles. Plastic surgeons, neurosurgeons, dentists, and anesthetists worked together in a structured environment…
Introduction Scalp comprises the forehead and the hair-bearing regions. It extends from the supraorbital ridge anteriorly to the highest nuchal line posteriorly, while ears and zygomatic arches define its lateral borders. In surgical practice, the scalp refers to the hair-bearing…