Introduction by Elliot Krames, Editor, Neuromodulation, 2nd Edition Creating a medical practice around the field of neuromodulation, whether you are a neurosurgeon, an anesthesia pain doctor, a urologist, or some other specialist of medicine interested in the field of neuromodulation…
Introduction Reimbursement is defined as the “action of repaying a person or institution who has spent or lost money or a sum paid to cover money that has been spent or lost.” 1 1 Taken from the Internet: .…
There are considerable resources available that researchers can draw on to self-educate on the basics of regulatory requirements ( ). These sources are useful for identifying the ways in which regulatory oversight applies, detailing the necessary requirements at each stage.…
This chapter is devoted to the birth and growth of the neuromodulation industry and the maturation of commercial products that accompanied the industry’s development. We will first take a look at some of the key events that highlighted the early…
Introduction A start-up company, in any field, starts with an idea, an idea whose innovator thinks will be successful (make money, be needed and wanted) in the market place. For neuromodulation, these ideas usually are birthed by biomedical engineers with…
Introduction Fatigue and attention disorders are common in modern society and can cause significant difficulties in the lives of those afflicted. Increases in cognitive fatigue are typically characterized by a decline in attention, difficulties concentrating, and increased reaction times (…
Introduction Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) has been increasingly investigated in the last decades ( ). Two of the most-studied NIBS techniques include transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES). The concept of NIBS involves the use of electrical…
Acknowledgments We would like to acknowledge Jarrett Rushmore, Uri Eden, Christopher Connor, Virgilio Villacorta, and Antoni Valero-Cabre for the work on the initial electrophysiology studies conducted as part of ( ). That material is based in part upon work supported…
Introduction Electrical currents have been used to modulate brain function for several hundreds of years ( ). Rudimentary forms of electrical brain stimulation were introduced by Luigi Rolando, Gustrav Fritsch, and Eduard Hitzing to study the localization of brain function…
Introduction Since transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is an emerging technology, it is useful to introduce it in the context of other established neuromodulation techniques. Electrotherapy approaches using implanted electrical stimulators, such as Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) ( ), and…