Introduction Risk factors or markers for mortality in heart failure (HF) include a long list of clinical parameters, including history, physical examination, laboratory values, hemodynamics, cardiac structure and function, and biomarkers ( Table 3.1 ). This chapter reviews predictors of…
Introduction The term shock first appeared in the English medical literature in a translation by John Clarke of a French treatise on gunshot wounds by Henry LeDran in 1740, Traité ou Reflexions Tirées de la Pratique sur les Playes d’armes…
Early mechanical circulatory support devices and technology development Establishing the Concept In the 1930s, Carrel and Lindbergh developed an in vitro artificial heart-like apparatus for keeping organs alive outside the body. They removed the hearts, kidneys, ovaries, adrenal glands, thyroid…