Acquired Mitral Valve Disease Mitral Regurgitation Definition An incompetent mitral valve allowing regurgitant flow from the left ventricle (LV) into the left atrium (LA) during systole (mid-to-late systolic murmur) ▸ maintaining an adequate stroke volume requires an increased ventricular stroke…
Introduction Cardiac Development Between the 2 nd and 7 th week of intrauterine life the primitive cardiac tube grows in length more than the fetal trunk – as the ends of this tube are relatively fixed the rapidly elongating cardiac…
Lung Transplantation Lung Transplantation Definition Single lung transplantation This is indicated for non-suppurative lung disease: emphysema ▸ idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis ▸ sarcoidosis ▸ lymphangioleiomyomatosis Bilateral sequential lung transplantation This is indicated for suppurative lung disease: cystic fibrosis ▸ bronchiectasis Preoperative…
Congenital Chest Abnormalities Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformations (CPAM) Definition Previously known as congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) A rare lesion caused by hamartomatous proliferation of the terminal bronchioles at the expense of alveolar development ▸ it is characterized by a…
Airspace Disease Pulmonary Oedema Definition An excess of extravascular lung water ▪ Cardiogenic oedema: increased hydrostatic pressure moves fluid out of the vascular compartment ▸ this is commonly caused by left heart failure ▸ it is rarely caused by a…
Chest Wall and Lung Trauma Chest Wall and Lung Trauma Rib fractures More than 50% of acute fractures are missed on the initial CXR ▸ additional lateral or oblique views are inappropriate in an acute trauma patient – the main…
HRCT Patterns of Diffuse Lung Disease HRCT Technique Thin collimation (1-2 mm) with a high spatial frequency algorithm reconstruction ▸ interspaced versus volumetric acquisition (dose considerations) Reducing slice thickness < 1 mm will not increase spatial resolution but increase image noise A…
Evaluation of the Solitary Pulmonary Nodule Evaluation of the Solitary Pulmonary Nodule Definition This is defined as a solitary circumscribed pulmonary opacity with no associated pulmonary, pleural, or mediastinal abnormality ▸ it measures < 3 cm in diameter Many are discovered…
Mechanisms and Radiographic Appearances Mechanisms and Causes of Lobar Collapse Lobar collapse: this is divided into those causes due to an endobronchial obstruction (intrinsic or extrinsic) or those causes without obstruction ▪ A segment of atelectatic lung pivots around the…
Tracheal Disorders Post-Traumatic Strictures Definition These are usually secondary to damage from external neck trauma or from a cuffed endotracheal or tracheostomy tube CXR/CT A focus of circumferential or eccentric tracheal narrowing associated with a segment of increased soft tissue…