Breast Cancer T stage Tx The primary tumour is not assessable T0 There is no evidence of primary tumour Tis Carcinoma in situ (DCIS, LCIS, or Paget's disease without a tumour mass) T1 The tumour measures ≤ 2 cm * T1mic…
Patterns of Tumour Spread You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
Pearls in Pathology Stroke Vascular Territories You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
Anatomy Pearls Cervical Lymph Node Levels You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
Intravascular Contrast Media Barium based contrast agents For assessment of the GI tract Based on very poorly soluble barium sulphate (BaSo 4 ) ▸ administered PO or PR Can lead to barium peritonitis if leaks into the peritoneal cavity Iodine…
Obstetric Haemorrhage Fibroid Embolization – Uterine Artery Embolization (UAE) Definition Uterine fibroids are the commonest tumour found in reproductive women – the prevalence increases up to the menopause (up to 80% in Afrocarribean women) You’re Reading a Preview Become a…
Percutaneous Renal Access The safest point for calyceal puncture is the centre of the calyx, approached through the relatively avascular plane (Brödel's line) between the branches of the anterior and posterior divisions of the renal artery Puncturing the centre of…
Liver Biopsy Spring-powered cutting sheath biopsy devices collect more consistent core biopsies with less crush artefact than a manually operated system The traditional route for liver intervention uses a horizontal right lateral intercostal approach ▸ an anterior subcostal approach (that…
Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) Monopolar RFA involves the application of high frequency (460-500 kHz) alternating current to the target tissue using a needle like applicator (dispersive grounding pads are attached to the patient's trunk / thigh) ► the resultant alternating electric field…
Chest Pleural drainage catheters are smaller than surgical drains (up to 16Fr) – haemothorax is better treated with surgical drains (36–38Fr) USS is adequate for uncomplicated collections, but CT is usually needed for drainage of multiloculated pleural collections It is…