Study Guidelines 1. Review the blood supply of the central nervous system and the relevance of the circle of Willis (circulus arteriosus) in limiting the deficit from a cerebral artery occlusion (see Chapter 4 ). 2. Define stroke, transient ischaemic…
Study Guidelines 1. The pituitary gland (hypophysis cerebri) is in the hypophyseal fossa of the sphenoid bone and is intimately linked to the hypothalamus. It is composed of two parts: the adenohypophysis and the neurohypophysis. 2. Hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells fulfil…
Study Guidelines Olfactory System In most vertebrates, the olfactory system is altogether more important than it is in humans. Although damage to the olfactory pathway on one side is associated with anosmia on that side, olfactory deficits are often found…
Study Guidelines 1. List the different cognitive domains and their individual roles. 2. Describe and contrast the clinical outcome of injuries to the Broca and Wernicke areas. 3. Describe the ‘steps’ performed when reading in relation to areas of the…
Study Guidelines 1. Define the layers of the retina and the cell types located in each. 2. Contrast a rod versus a cone cell with respect to structure, function, and localisation within the retina. 3. Be able to trace the…
Study Guidelines 1. Describe the general methodology performed to record sensory evoked potentials, the sensory modalities assessed, and an example of clinical disorders and expected abnormality. 2. Contrast the performance of a motor evoked potential versus a motor nerve conduction…
Study Guidelines 1. Be able to describe the origin of the recorded EEG, underlying rationale for the 10–20 recording system, and the significance of the letter/number combinations used to define electrode placements. 2. Contrast the patterns that typify the waking…
Study Guidelines 1. The cerebral cortex is the part of the body that makes us truly human. Its structure is enormously complex, and assignment of functions to different parts is made difficult, and often unrealistic, by the multiplicity of interconnections.…
Study Guidelines 1. Describe the functional organisation of the cerebellum and the relationship to the deep cerebellar nuclei. 2. Classify the microscopic organisation of the cerebellar cortex and the cell types found in each layer. 3. Contrast the two types…
Study Guidelines 1. Identify basal ganglia nuclei in brain sections. 2. List the four different basal ganglia circuits (or loops) and describe their function. 3. Summarise the major neurotransmitters involved in the basal ganglia circuits and their function (excitatory or…