Summary of Key Points Failed back surgery syndrome is an evolving diagnosis characterized by chronic pain after surgical intervention. Pathophysiology is varied, but is based on abnormal pain signaling from damaged or dysfunctional nerves. Involvement of the limbic system in…
Summary of Key Points Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic, inflammatory rheumatic disease characterized by inflammatory back pain and potential progression to disability and deformity. Clinical characteristics of inflammatory back pain can be distinguished from other causes of chronic back…
Summary of Key Points Dysplastic spondylolisthesis is a developmental disorder of the spine that is associated with significant pain and disability. Sacropelvic and spinopelvic balance are important determinants of the impact of spondylolisthesis on health status. Reduction of high-grade dysplastic…
Summary of Key Points The minimally invasive spinal deformity 2 algorithm guides patient selection for a minimally invasive surgery (MIS) procedure or an open deformity correction operation. Meticulous preoperative assessment of the patient’s spinopelvic parameters and the amount of correction…
Summary of Key Points Rigid deformities require an osteotomy to rebalance the spine. Mild sagittal plane deformity with mobile discs can be treated with posterior column osteotomies. Severe, rigid sagittal and coronal plane deformities require three-column osteotomies to restore spinal…
Summary of Key Points The amount of lordosis gained from the anterior column release (ACR) procedure depends on the extent of bony removal, with the addition of the posterior column osteotomies allowing for placement of hyperlordotic grafts with maximal end…
Summary of Key Points There is significant variability in the surgical approaches to adult deformity. Advantages of anterior surgery include mobilization of the spine circumferentially, restoration of physiological lordosis, implementation of indirect decompression, and enhancement of fusion rates and loading…
Summary of Key Points Moderate to severe adult cervical deformity has a significant impact on disability and quality of life. Surgical correction of cervical spine deformities can be technically challenging, especially for rigid cases. Correction of adult cervical deformity improves…
Summary of Key Points Surgical correction of deformity in the cervicothoracic junction (CTJ) can be challenging; anterior approaches, in particular, are complicated by the complex anatomy of this region. Anterior approaches to the CTJ require careful clinical and radiographic evaluation,…
Summary of Key Points Pediatric spinal deformity can be a complex condition involving and affecting other physiological systems along with the spine. Obtaining a thorough prenatal and perinatal history, performing a detailed examination, assessing for other associated conditions, and assessing…