Introduction This chapter aims to prepare students for clinical rotations in medical subspecialties, such as rheumatology, endocrinology, neurology, pulmonology, nephrology, infectious disease, and gastroenterology. Patient approach Typically, a patient is referred to one of these specialists by his or her…
Introduction to oncology Cancer remains a leading cause of death in the United States despite a steady decline in overall cancer mortality from 1999 to 2016. This downward trend in mortality is likely because of improvements in early detection and…
Introduction Orthopedic medicine offers physician assistants (PAs) unique opportunities to practice team-based medicine at a high level. As a result of the opportunities in orthopedics, as well as the value PAs bring to the orthopedic care team, in 2018 more…
Introduction Dermatology became a distinct medical subspecialty at the end of the 18th century; however, many dermatologic disorders were first described more than 2000 years ago. When confronted with a dermatologic complaint, you may recall the old adage, “If it’s…
Cardiology and approach to the patient Cardiology is the internal medicine specialty of heart and vascular diseases and treatments. The primary goals of cardiology are to reduce morbidity and mortality and improve quality of life. This is accomplished by stabilizing…
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Patient approach Emergency medicine practitioners have one overarching goal for each patient: to answer the question, “Does my patient have a threat to life, limb, or sight today?” Emergency departments (EDs) are structured to provide life-saving services to patients in…
In cognitively demanding fields, there are no naturals. Nobody walks into an operating room straight out of a surgical rotation and does world-class neurosurgery. MALCOLM GLADWELL Patient approach Whenever a surgical provider approaches a patient, there are certain questions that…
Introduction Throughout history, many cultures have viewed mental illness as a form of religious punishment or demonic possession. In ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome, mental illness was categorized as a religious or personal problem. During the Middle Ages, people believed…
History Pediatrics gained recognition as a distinct medical discipline in the United States in the mid-19th century as an appreciation of the burden of infant mortality and awareness of the unique vulnerability of children to certain diseases increased. Before that,…