The pericardium is a membranous sac that envelops almost the entire heart (with the exception of the region of the left atrium around the pulmonary venous ostia) as well as the origins of the great cardiac vessels (the ascending aorta,…
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Acknowledgment The authors acknowledge the contributions of Dr. Laila A. Payvandi, who was the author of this chapter in the previous edition. The diagnosis and management of patients with infective endocarditis (IE) can be a challenging. Because of the wide…
Guidelines recommend echocardiography as the imaging modality of choice in the diagnosis and management guidance in patients with suspected infective endocarditis (IE). , Although echocardiographic findings lead to definitive diagnosis in the majority of patients, atypical results or results of…
Spectrum of Cardioembolism The heart and the aorta are the sources of cardioembolism to any organ. Major clinical presentations involve either acute neurologic dysfunction—transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke—or peripheral vascular disease (e.g., acute limb ischemia, splenic or renal infarcts).…
Acknowledgments The authors gratefully acknowledge Susan Nord and Jennifer Pfaff for their editorial assistance and Brian Miller and Brian Schurrer for their help with the figures. We also thank Drs. Maria C. Todaro, Concetta Zito, and Scipione Carerj for their…
Various types of prosthetic heart valves (PHVs) have been available in clinical practice during the past five decades. Tricuspid valve replacement (TVR) is now an uncommon procedure and has been described in fewer than 2% of all valve operations in…
Perioperative echocardiographers should approach patients scheduled for mitral valve (MV) surgery with several goals and the intention of using these data to facilitate clinical and surgical decision making. It is therefore important to (1) establish the cause, mechanism, and severity…
Acknowledgment The authors acknowledge the contributions of Dr. Hillier, who was the author of this chapter in the previous edition. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is the essential imaging investigation for comprehensive baseline assessment and serial evaluation of mitral prosthetic valve function.…
Acknowledgment We thank Dr. Damian Roper for his contributions to the earlier edition of this chapter. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is established as the reference imaging modality for the routine evaluation of prosthetic valves because of the comprehensive anatomic, functional, and…