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Required Reading
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Professionalism
1 What is a profession? The professions are the means by which the complex services needed by society are organized. A profession has been defined by the American College of Surgeons as: …an occupation whose core element is work that…
Medical Ethics
1 Are there any principles of medical ethics? Yes, there are four: a. Beneficence: The intent of doing good and offering net benefit by therapeutic intervention. This principle requires maintenance of professional knowledge and skill by ongoing education throughout one’s…
Can Healthcare Be Reformed?
1 Is healthcare reform an oxymoron? Yes. 2 What is fee for service? The doctor establishes the price, and the patient agrees to pay it. This traditional system of exchange has great merit if both parties understand the value of…
Pediatric Urology
1 How should we evaluate a patient with febrile urinary tract infection (UTI)? After treatment of the infection, the patient should undergo a urinary tract evaluation with a renal-bladder sonogram and ± voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG). Approximately 50% of children under…
Urodynamics and Voiding Dysfunction
1 What is an urodynamic study? Urodynamic studies assess the functional aspects of the storage and emptying ability of the lower urinary tract (LUT). The principles of urodynamic studies originated from hydrodynamics. The components of urodynamic studies are cystometrogram, leak…
Prostate Cancer
1 What is the prevalence of prostate cancer in the United States? Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men, except for skin cancer. In 2016 an estimated 180,890 men in the United States will be diagnosed with prostate…
Bladder Cancer
1 What is the incidence of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder? Bladder cancer accounts for about 5% of all new cancers in the United States. The American Cancer Society’s estimates for bladder cancer in the United States are…
Renal Cancer
1 How common is renal cell carcinoma (RCC)? All solid renal masses and cystic lesions with solid components are suspicious for RCC, which affects approximately 65,000 new patients each year and has a 5-year mortality rate of 35%. 2 What…
Urolithiasis
1 What is the likelihood that someone in the United States will have a kidney stone in their lifetime? Approximately 1 in 11 people will have at least one kidney stone in their lifetime. 2 Are people with kidney stones…