Moraxella catarrhalis is an unencapsulated gram-negative diplococcus and is a human-specific pathogen that colonizes the respiratory tract beginning in infancy. Patterns of colonization and infection with M. catarrhalis are changing in countries where pneumococcal conjugate vaccines are used widely. The…
Haemophilus influenzae Description of the Pathogen H. influenzae is a small, nonmotile, non–spore-forming bacterium and a pathogen of humans found principally in the upper respiratory tract, first reported by Pfeiffer in 1892. The sensational claim that it was the primary…
Over the past 3 decades Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis has emerged as an important and common human respiratory tract pathogen. In this chapter M. catarrhalis is discussed. In addition, Kingella and other gram-negative cocci, including Neisseria other than N. meningitidis and…