Key Points While risk of bleeding of an unruptured brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is close to 2%, rupture rate of a previously ruptured AVM is considerably higher; thus, treatment of the latter is in most cases indicated whereas treatment of…
Spinal vascular malformations are developmental derangements of the interconnections between arteries and veins, with secondary features of vascular enlargement, aneurysm and varix formation, mass effect from the enlarged vessels, excessively high flow with vascular steal and potential cardiac failure, and/or…
Spinal cord ischemia is caused by deficient spinal arterial blood flow secondary to occlusion of intercostal/lumbar arteries or to involvement of the intrinsic arteries of the cord. It is also referred to as ischemic myelomalacia of the spinal cord. Epidemiology…
The normal vascular anatomy of the spine and spinal cord is described in this chapter as it follows the blood flow from large arteries to smaller arterial trunks and through the capillaries to venous drainage channels of progressively larger size.…
Introduction Spinal vascular diseases consist of spinal vascular malformations, spinal aneurysms, and spinal cord arterial ischemia. They are relatively rare but should be kept in the differential diagnosis for spinal tumors, demyelinations, or compressive myelopathies. As for spinal vascular malformations,…