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Optimal interpretation of endoscopic gastrointestinal biopsy specimens requires adequate clinical information including medication history and illnesses that may have associated gastrointestinal findings. The clinical history can guide additional studies in addition to the standard hematoxylin and eosin staining. Precise identification…
Embryology and Anatomy of the Anus and Anal Canal The anal canal forms during the fourth to seventh weeks of gestation after partitioning of the cloaca into the ventral urogenital membrane and dorsal membrane. The epithelium of the superior two-thirds…