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Tag Susan String MBE PhD DSc FKC Hon FAS Hon FRCS
The anatomy of the vascular and lymphatic systems
This chapter brings together the regional descriptions of the arteries, veins and lymphatic vessels and their draining nodes that appear in the relevant sections of Chapter 24, Chapter 79 . The text is not illustrated: all cross-referenced figures and videos…
The anatomy of the peripheral nervous system
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is composed of spinal and cranial nerves, their associated ganglia (autonomic and sensory) and their ramifications that transmit afferent and efferent information between the central nervous system (CNS) and the rest of the body. It…
Ankle and foot
The ankle joint (talocrural joint) is a diarthrodial articulation involving the distal tibia and fibula and the body of the talus; it is the only example in the human body of a true mortise joint. The human foot is a…
Knee and leg
The knee is the largest synovial joint in the body. It consists of three functional compartments that collectively form a dynamic, specialized hinge joint. During gait, the knee is able to withstand impressive weight-bearing loads while conducting precision movements, providing…
Pelvic girdle, hip, gluteal region and thigh
The pelvic girdle consists of the paired hip bones (each composed of the ilium, ischium and pubis) and the sacrum. The two pubic bones articulate anteriorly at the pubic symphysis and the sacrum articulates posteriorly with the two iliac bones…
Pelvic girdle and lower limb: Overview and surface anatomy
The structure of the lower limb is specialized for support of the body’s weight, locomotion and maintenance of body stability (balance). Indeed, adaptations for weight-bearing and stability account for the major structural and functional differences between the upper and lower…
Female reproductive system
The female reproductive system consists of the lower genital tract (vulva and vagina) and the upper tract (uterus and cervix with associated uterine (Fallopian) tubes and ovaries). Lower Genital Tract Vulva The female external genitalia or vulva (pudendum) include the…
Male reproductive system
The male reproductive system includes the gonads, spermatic cord, accessory sex glands and external genitalia. The male gonads, the testes, are responsible for spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis, thereby regulating reproductive function as well as normal physical and sexual development and behaviour.…
Bladder, prostate and urethra
Urinary Bladder The urinary bladder is a reservoir. Its size, shape, position and relations all vary according to its content and the state of the neighbouring viscera. When the bladder is empty, it lies entirely in the lesser pelvis, but…