Patients with congenital heart disease require lifelong surveillance. The number of adults living with congenital heart disease continues to grow, in part because of advances in the diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart lesions. There are more than 1 million…
Pulmonary Atresia with Ventricular Septal Defect Pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect (PA/VSD) is a congenital cardiac malformation characterized by discontinuity of blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries, a ventricular septal defect (VSD) resulting from anterior…
Included under the rubric of congenital heart defects are abnormalities involving the distal transverse arch and proximal descending aorta. Clinical manifestations range widely, from severe congestive heart failure or debilitating stridor to mere incidental finding on routine evaluation. The treatment…