31.1 Introduction Peripheral nerve injury is a serious potential complication in hip procedures, which may result in postoperative permanent sensory and/or motor deficits. The incidence of sciatic nerve palsy after hip surgery ranges from 0.3% to 4% in primary total…
24.1 Introduction In 1829, the surgeon and artist Sir Charles Bell stated that the facial nerve (FN) is the nerve of “anatomy expression” . The FN has two entirely distinct functions in humans and high primates. The first comprises essential…
16.1 Introduction A reflex is a relatively simple motor behavior reflexively driven by afferent inputs of diverse modalities. The term “reflexively” refers to the fact that this motor response is not subjected to conscious voluntary control, although it may be…
15.1 Introduction Brainstem reflexes are relatively simple motor responses organized by the brainstem and designed to enable the body to adjust rapidly to sudden changes in the environment. The laryngeal adductor reflex (LAR) is possibly one of the most crucial…