Background Unless there has been a loss of substance of portions of the maxilla and mandible, most traumatic disruptions of the maxilla and mandible are well corrected by placing the patient in the pretraumatic dental occlusion, plating the fractured segments…
Background Paul Manson, Bill Crawley, and Jack Hoopes in 1986 published a paper entitled “Frontal cranioplasty: risk factors and choice of cranial vault reconstructive material.” In that paper they examined their series of 42 cranioplasties, 25 of which were treated…
History and introduction Innovation in three-dimensional (3D)-scanning technology has now enabled all plastic surgeons to have a 3D scanner at their disposal for use in surgical planning. These developments began with innovation in the aviation industry, which translated to innovation…
Key points • The anterior and posterior ethmoid foramen are the intraoperative anatomical landmarks to visualize for the level of a subcranial osteotomy. Violation of the frontal bone via an orbital osteotomy above these landmarks carries the risk of cerebrospinal…