Background Revision lumbar spine surgery is predominantly associated with several distinct pathological processes resulting from an initial index surgery. For example, in the treatment of disc herniations, residual stenosis and recurrent disc herniations are well described in the literature. There…
Summary of Key Points Surgical correction of deformity in the cervicothoracic junction (CTJ) can be challenging; anterior approaches, in particular, are complicated by the complex anatomy of this region. Anterior approaches to the CTJ require careful clinical and radiographic evaluation,…
Summary of Key Points Posterior cervical instrumentation is effective in stabilizing the subaxial cervical spine. Acceptable choices of instrumentation include lateral mass screw fixation and cervical pedicle screws. Careful preoperative planning with an understanding of patient-specific anatomy and instrumentation options…