Key Points Five different classes of antibody are known—immunoglobulin (Ig) M, IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgE—each with a distinct heavy chain. Two different light-chain types have been identified: κ and λ. Antigens react with antibodies at the Fab region, which…
KEY POINTS Humoral immune tests assess production of specific antibody responses to past or recent infections, and cellular immune assays measure current immune responses. The immune system changes with age and nutritional status. Differences in immune responses of test subjects…
Key Points Many different diseases can display abnormalities in the urine. Therefore, examination of the urine is an important laboratory function. Basic urinalysis consists of gross examination of the urine as well as a dipstick analysis for blood, white blood…