Key points Lung vascular development occurs as highly choreographed sequence, regulated by hypoxia inducible factors, vascular endothelial growth factor, nitric oxide, and other transcription factors and mediators. In addition to arterial vessels, pulmonary veins are highly reactive vessels that contribute…
Introduction Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) is a syndrome of failed circulatory adaptation at birth, which is seen in about 2 in 1000 live-born infants; the incidence has not changed significantly over the last 20 years. , The…
Normal development of pulmonary vascular structure and function through prenatal and early postnatal life prepares the lung to perform its basic physiologic function of gas exchange across a thin blood–gas interface. Survival of the newborn is dependent upon rapid adaptation…
Key Points Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) can occur with parenchymal lung disease, with pulmonary hypoplasia, or without associated lung disease ( idiopathic ) and has an incidence of 0.2% in term infants and up to 2% in…
Key Points Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), as determined near term corrected age in former preterm newborns < 32 weeks’ gestational age is a marker for chronic respiratory morbidity. Newborns that are most immature and those born from an adverse intrauterine environment,…