What determines whether the great arteries are normally or abnormally related? That really is the basic question. The answer is thought to be as follows: When the situs (or pattern of anatomic organization) of the subarterial infundibulum and of the…
As classically conceived, truncus arteriosus communis (common aortopulmonary trunk) seems not to exist. The classical embryologic conception is that the truncoconal septum has failed to grow downward from the aortic arch 4–pulmonary arch 6 junction. This results in a failure…
The anomaly now known as the tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) was first described, insofar as is known, by Niels Stensen in 1671. He was also known in Latin as Nicolaus Steno. Stensen (1638–1686) was a Danish anatomist and naturalist from…
What are anomalous muscle bundles of the right ventricle, also known as double-chambered right ventricle? As will be seen, these malformations really are anomalous infundibular muscle bundles. Statistics In the Congenital Cardiac Pathology Database of Boston Children’s Hospital, the diagnosis…
The malformation known as superoinferior (SI) ventricles is characterized typically by a superior morphologically right ventricle (RV), an inferior morphologically left ventricle (LV), and a relatively horizontal ventricular septum (VS). Rarely, the LV can be superior and the RV can…
Single ventricle means that one ventricular sinus, body, or inflow tract is present; in other words, one ventricular sinus, body, or inflow tract is absent. In single LV (morphologically left ventricle), the right ventricular sinus is absent (component 2, Fig.…
In 1989, Dr. John Kirklin asked me how I thought ventricular septal defects (VSDs) should be described, named, and classified. Soto, Ceballos, and Kirklin were just about to publish their best thoughts on this important topic, and Dr. Kirklin asked…
Now that we have considered tricuspid valve anomalies (see Chapter 13 ), mitral valve anomalies (see Chapter 14 ), and common atrioventricular (AV) canal (see Chapter 11 ), we are ready to consider how normally related and abnormally related great…
What anomalies involve the mitral valve? Our database of cardiac pathologic conditions provides an answer that is summarized in Table 14.1 . TABLE 14.1 Mitral Valve Anomalies Mitral Valve Anomalies No. of Cases % of Series (n = 3216) a…
How many anatomically different kinds of malformation can befall the tricuspid valve? Our database suggests that the answer is at least 12 ( Table 13.1 ). TABLE 13.1 Anatomic Types of Tricuspid Malformation Tricuspid Valve Anomaly No. of Cases Percent…