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This chapter includes an accompanying lecture presentation that has been prepared by the authors: Video 33.1 . Key Concepts The development of early brain retractors accompanied the advent of intradural neurosurgical procedures in the 18th century. Brain retractors have evolved…
Introduction The complexity of the central nervous system (CNS) as well as the bones and soft tissues that provide its protection present special challenges when treating the injured athlete. A thorough understanding of the normal anatomy and biomechanics of the…