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Key Concepts Elevated blood pressure with or without associated symptoms is exceedingly common in the emergency department (ED). A true hypertensive emergency is defined by the presence of acute target organ damage (TOD) and is distinct from other clinical presentations.…
KEY CONCEPTS Heart failure (HF) is the clinical syndrome defined by signs and symptoms of elevated intracardiac pressures or depressed cardiac output, which in turn are due to either functional or structural cardiovascular (CV) abnormalities. By definition, HF presentations managed…