History Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) was first recognized and described more than 2 centuries ago. Although reference was made to malposition of the aorta and pulmonary artery by Steno in 1672 and Morgagni in 1761, the anatomic description…
Atrioventricular (AV) canal defects include a spectrum of lesions in which the common etiology appears to be abnormal development of the endocardial cushions, resulting in a defect in the AV septum and AV valves. This group of lesions forms approximately…
Thoracic incisions traditionally used in adult cardiac and thoracic surgery have been used in children with varying success with respect to exposure, pain, and cosmetic result. Special considerations relevant to pediatric surgery are related to the lack of development and…