Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a load-dependent valvular disease, and its increase in severity during exercise has been reported irrespective of cause. The evaluation of MR limited to resting conditions risks may underestimate the full clinical impact of the lesion. Exercise…
Stress echocardiography (SE) has been less well validated in the context of aortic regurgitation (AR) and mitral stenosis (MS) than for coronary disease and mitral regurgitation (MR). In both these conditions, exercise stress echocardiography (ESE) represents the imaging approach of…
Aortic root V. Polsani X. Zhou M. Vannan Marcus Heart Valve Center, Piedmont Heart Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA Chinese PLA General Hospital Echocardiography has an established role in the morphological and hemodynamic assessment of the disorders of aortic root; hence, this section will…