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Key Points A detailed understanding of the anatomy of the atrial septum and its relationship with critical structures such as the aortic root and the posterior atrial wall is crucial to safely perform transseptal catheterization. A biplane fluoroscopy-guided technique using…

Key Points Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is the cornerstone of current ablation techniques for the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). Confirmation of electrical isolation with a circular mapping catheter is crucial to improve the short- and long-term outcomes of this…