Introduction Intradural extramedullary (IDEM) tumors are tumors of the neuro-axis that grow within the confines of the dura mater but are extrinsic to the spinal cord itself. Epidemiological studies have estimated the incidence of IDEM tumors to be approximately 0.74…
Introduction Spinal metastatic disease is seen in almost 40% of cancer patients, and up to 20% of those patients will have spinal cord compression. The American Cancer Society found that there were 1.7 million new cases of cancer diagnosed in…
Introduction Primary tumors may spread to the spine in 20% to 40% of cancer patients, and approximately 20% of these patients will be symptomatic from their tumors. Their symptomatology may be related to compression of the spinal cord, leading to…
Introduction Intradural extramedullary (IDEM) tumors arise within the confines of the dura mater but are not intrinsic to the spinal cord itself. Epidemiological studies have reported an incidence of approximately 0.74 per 100,000 person years. These tumors are typically considered…
Introduction Chondrosarcomas are primary malignant tumors that may arise from the cranial skull base or axial skeleton and are characterized by neoplastic growth of hyaline cartilaginous tissue. Primary spinal tumors such as chondrosarcoma only account for about 4% to 13%…
Introduction The skeleton is the third most common site of metastatic disease, with the spinal column being the most common location. Metastatic spinal disease can be found in 20% to 30% of patients with primary malignancies and leads to significant…
Introduction Metastatic spine disease occurs in approximately 20% of cancer patients, with an estimated 20,000 new cases each year. Most malignancies have the ability to spread to the spine, but the most common primary sites are lung, breast, prostate, and…
Introduction The cervical spine, which was first described as lordotic by Borden et al. in 1960, is tasked with the responsibility of maintaining a wide range of motion, and allowing proper gaze that is essential for upright gait. The cervical…
Introduction Fractures of the subaxial spine are typically caused by high-velocity injuries such as motor vehicle collisions, falls, and high-impact sports. The subaxial spine consists of the cervical vertebra numbered three to seven and is more mobile than the upper…
Introduction Cervical spinal cord injury is a devastating complication most commonly caused by motor vehicle collisions and falls from heights. Upper cervical spinal cord injuries may result in neurogenic shock, respiratory failure, and loss of motor in the upper and…