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Aortic regurgitation (AR) results from reflux of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole, caused by aortic valve or aortic root disease. The pathophysiology of AR depends whether the AR is acute or chronic. Acute AR is…

Myocarditis is a pathophysiological condition defined as infiltration of the myocardium by inflammatory cells with associated degenerative and necrotic changes not typical of ischemic injury. In severe cases, myocarditis is characterized by a rapid onset of heart failure symptoms. Although…