Introduction Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States, exceeded only by heart disease. The lifetime risk of developing cancer is estimated to be one in three for both men and women. The lifetime risk of…
Introduction The human immune system is traditionally divided into two pathways: innate immunity and adaptive (also known as acquired) immunity. Each is comprised of a series of unique components, all of which function to protect the host against invading microorganisms.…
Introduction The kidney plays a key homeostatic role in the tight regulation of extracellular fluid volume, blood pressure, solute transport and electrolyte concentrations, pH, and excretion of drug metabolites. Knowledge of how the kidneys perform these important functions aids in…
Introduction Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States, exceeded only by heart disease. The lifetime risk of developing cancer is estimated to be one in three for both men and women. The lifetime risk of…
Introduction The human immune system is traditionally divided into two pathways: innate immunity and adaptive (also known as acquired) immunity. Each is comprised of a series of unique components, all of which function to protect the host against invading microorganisms.…
Introduction The kidney plays a key homeostatic role in the tight regulation of extracellular fluid volume, blood pressure, solute transport and electrolyte concentrations, pH, and excretion of drug metabolites. Knowledge of how the kidneys perform these important functions aids in…
Risk Hereditary/familial (rare): Nephrogenic DI due to mutations in the AVP receptor gene, with X-linked recessive transmission; or AQP2, usually with autosomal recessive transmission, but autosomal dominant transmission also occurs; overall, males at greater risk than females Central (hypothalamic) DI…
Case Synopsis A 74-year-old woman with a history of dementia and osteoporosis is admitted after an unwitnessed fall in her house. She presents to the operating room and undergoes repair of a fractured hip under epidural anesthesia with general endotracheal…