Almost all states in the United States require some type of preparticipation screening of participants in organized sports. The major reason for this screening is to help prevent sudden unexpected death. Most physicians encounter this issue in association with high…
I. Definition Thirty 30 mm Hg has been used as the normal upper limit for systolic PA pressure and 25 mm Hg as the normal upper limit for mean PA pressure when measured directly by cardiac catheterization in adults and…
I. Definition For adults, the 2017 Guidelines by the American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association, and several other organizations jointly revised the earlier definition and classification of hypertension (HTN) of 2003. The following are the new classification (Whelton et…
I. Definition Palpitation is one of the most common cardiac symptoms encountered in medical practice but it poorly corresponds to demonstrable abnormalities. The term palpitation is used loosely to describe an unpleasant subjective awareness of one’s own heartbeats. This usually…
I. Definition The brain depends on a constant supply of oxygen and glucose for normal function. Significant alterations in the supply of oxygen and glucose to the brain may result in a transient loss of consciousness. 1. Syncope is a…
Although chest pain does not indicate serious disease of the heart or other systems in most pediatric patients, in a society with a high prevalence of atherosclerotic heart disease, it can be alarming to the child and parents. Physicians should…
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A pacemaker is a device that delivers battery-supplied electrical stimuli over leads to electrodes that are in contact with the heart. It primarily treats bradycardia. An implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is a multiprogrammable antiarrhythmic device for treating ventricular tachycardia and…
AV block is a disturbance in conduction between the normal sinus impulse and the eventual ventricular response. The block is assigned to one of three classes, according to the severity of the conduction disturbance. 1. First-degree AV block is a…