Echocardiography is the modality of choice for the diagnosis of mitral stenosis (MS). The joint American Society of Echocardiography and European Association of Echocardiography guidelines for native valvular stenosis feature an exhaustive review of echocardiographic methods for quantitative assessment of…
Worldwide, rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is the predominant cause of mitral stenosis (MS) but is rare in developed countries. Most cases of rheumatic mitral stenosis (RMS) in developed countries are found among immigrants from less developed parts of the world…
Aortic regurgitation (AR) may lead to serious morbidity and excess mortality. As noted in the preceding chapters, the diagnosis of AR should be based on the guidelines for native valvular regurgitation by the American Society of Echocardiography and other international…