Congenital absence of the inferior vena cava (AIVC) is a rare entity and is often first detected in the setting of an idiopathic deep venous thrombosis (DVT) of the lower extremity. The overall incidence of AIVC in the general population…
Background Endovenous treatments for varicose veins emerged as an alternative to open surgery and are now the standard of care due to improved safety and efficacy. , The most widespread technologies used for the treatment of truncal vein reflux are…
Multiple indications exist for constructing an extracranial–intracranial (EC-IC) bypass. The indications that are encountered most frequently in contemporary practice are symptomatic occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA), stenosis or occlusion of the intracranial vasculature, usually at the level of…
Historical Background Endothermal ablation techniques used to treat superficial venous reflux, such as endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA), use heat to induce endothelial injury. This results in a combination of thrombosis, fibrosis, subsequent vein contracture, and eventual…
Historical Background Endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) therapy arose from a background of managing refluxing truncal veins using open surgical techniques, such as stripping with high ligation. The technology was first introduced in 1999, and following US Food and Drug Administration…