Introduction Revision surgeries are more common than ever in the spine surgeon’s practice. Each case is unique, and the diagnostic and treatment considerations are more complicated than their primary counterparts. In general, revision surgeries involve greater morbidity than primary surgeries,…
Introduction Since the early 20th century, spinal fusion has been performed as a therapy for both traumatic and degenerative disorders of the spine. Lumbar interbody fusion (LIF) in particular has proved an effective therapy for a variety of conditions, improving…
Summary of Key Points Endoscopic surgery of the lumbar spine is an advanced form of minimally invasive surgery that is gaining worldwide popularity. Several studies have shown endoscopic surgery of the lumbar spine to be just as effective as and…
Summary of Key Points With an ageing and more infirm population, coupled with health economic pressures and an evolving opioid crisis, never has there been a greater need for more effective perioperative management strategies to mitigate the physiological and psychosocial…