Image-guided drainage is an established technique with a multitude of applications. However, the indications, techniques and management of image-guided catheter drainage continue to evolve. Percutaneous drainage is now the technique of choice for the drainage of abscesses in most locations.…
Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma Definition Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) refers to malignant changes of the uroepithelial cells lining the urinary tract anywhere from the renal calyces to the ureteral orifice. Epidemiology Urothelial carcinoma is relatively common worldwide, and its…
Congenital Anomalies Normal Development Detailed embryological development of the kidneys and ureters will not be described in detail. The kidney precursors initially develop in the pelvis and ascend to their normal positions lateral to the proximal lumbar spine by 8…
Introduction This chapter describes clinically important aspects of urinary tract imaging with specific reference to anatomy, techniques and radiation. We begin with an outline of urinary tract embryology in order to place urinary tract anatomy and many anatomical variations into…
Haematuria Haematuria refers to the presence of red blood cells in urine. Radiological referral of selected patients is often necessary as part of clinical management for this problem; however, the optimal method of patient selection and the best imaging algorithm…
The Duodenum Anatomy and Normal Appearances The duodenum forms the first segment of the small bowel (SB) and measures 20–30 cm in length. The first (superior) part contains the duodenal cap (bulb) that passes superiorly, posteriorly and laterally before turning inferiorly…
In this section on abdominal imaging, the imaging approach for investigation of pathological processes of the oesophagus, stomach, small bowel, large bowel, peritoneum, liver, biliary system and pancreas are covered in their respective chapters. In this chapter, the relative merits…