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Key Concepts The accuracy of a physical examination is limited in cases of abdominal trauma. It is rendered less reliable by distracting injury, altered sensorium (e.g., head trauma, alcohol or drug intoxication, developmental delay, psychiatric illness), and spinal cord injury.…
Key Concepts Shock can occur with normal arterial blood pressure and not all patients with arterial hypotension have shock. A base deficit more negative than −4 mEq/L or a serum lactate level greater than 4.0 mmol/L warrants a presumptive diagnosis…