Key Concepts Many neurosurgical disorders affect the afferent visual system, efferent visual system, or both. Consequently, neuro-ophthalmic symptoms and signs can be the presenting feature of the disorder or the most sensitive measure for detecting progression or recurrence. Papilledema refers…
Pupillary Abnormalities Pupil Anatomy and Neural Control The size of the pupil is determined by the balance of action between two muscles embedded in the iris: the sphincter pupillae, under parasympathetic control, and the dilator pupillae, under sympathetic control. The…
Afferent Visual System Anatomy and Physiology From a conceptual standpoint, it is useful to consider vision as having two components: central or macular vision (high acuity, color perception, and light-adapted) and peripheral or ambulatory vision (low acuity, poor color perception,…