Background Shock has been defined in a multitude of ways, but they all come down to inadequate tissue perfusion, and the diagnosis is made at the bedside using clinical judgment. Early identification of the type of shock, understanding of the…
Fluids have been administered intravenously, subcutaneously, and per rectum since the 1600s. The modern description of the circulatory system in 1638 by William Harvey allowed the concept to slowly progress. William O’Shaughnessy theorized that patients suffering from volume loss secondary…
Blood component therapy is generally supportive for the correction of one or more hematologic deficiencies until the basic disease process can be controlled or corrected. Anemia is pervasive in the intensive care unit (ICU), with over 30%–50% of critically ill…