Introduction Common arterial trunk (CAT), also called truncus arteriosus, is an infrequent conotruncal anomaly in which there is a single outflow tract for both ventricles. Disease Definition CAT is characterized by a single great artery connecting both ventricles, which is…
Introduction Double-outlet right ventricle (DORV) refers to a group of complex heart anomalies in which both great arteries arise entirely, or to a great extent, from the right ventricle. Disease Definition DORV encompasses a spectrum of lesions in which both…
Introduction There are two forms of transposition of great arteries (TGA): complete and corrected. Complete Transposition of Great Arteries A conotruncal anomaly characterized by a discordant ventriculoarterial connection. Complete TGA affects approximately 3 : 10,000 newborns. Definition Complete TGA is defined by…
Introduction Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is one of the most common conotruncal heart anomalies. It affects 9% to 11% of newborns with congenital heart disease (CHD). Disease Definition In TOF, there is an anterior-superior and leftward displacement of the outlet…
Introduction Aortic arch (AA) anomalies comprise a group of congenital alterations of the aortic arch that affect the position of the aortic branching. These anomalies can occur in association with other congenital heart diseases (CHDs) or as incidental findings in…
Introduction Interruption of the aortic arch (IAA) is an uncommon ductal-dependent congenital cardiovascular malformation. It is the most severe form of aortic coarctation (AoC). Disease Definition IAA is characterized by the lack of continuity between the ascending and descending aorta.…
Introduction Aortic coarctation (AoC) is a ductal-dependent heart anomaly characterized by a narrowing of the aorta. The presence of physiologic right-to-left shunts in the fetal circulation constitutes a challenge for prenatal diagnosis, making AoC one of the congenital heart diseases…
Introduction Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) occurs in 0.1 : 1000 to 0.6 : 1000 live births and accounts for 2% to 3% of all congenital heart diseases (CHDs). HLHS is one of the most severe CHDs, with a high rate of perinatal death.…
Introduction Aortic stenosis (AS) affects 1.4 : 10,000 newborns. The spectrum of clinical manifestations varies widely according to the degree of valve stenosis. Disease Definition AS and aortic atresia encompass a group of congenital heart diseases (CHDs) characterized by left ventricular outflow…
Introduction Cystic hygroma (CH) is a congenital lymphatic malformation. It is the most frequently observed fetal neck pathology on prenatal ultrasound (US). Disease Definition CH is an abnormality of the vascular lymphatic system, characterized by the development of distended fluid-filled…