As the twenty-first century progresses, a new chapter in cardiac therapeutics is being written with the development of transcatheter valve technologies. Percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation (PPVI) has the distinction of being the first percutaneous valve replacement in humans and has…
Acknowledgment Dr. Horlick is supported by the Peter Munk Chair in Structural Heart Disease. Cardiac catheterization remains a fundamental modality for the diagnosis and interventional treatment of adult congenital heart disease (ACHD); however, there has been a noticeable change in…
Historical Considerations When Siegal reexamined the original second century Greek text of Galen, he pointed out that Galen was familiar with many aspects of the fetal circulation even though he did not realize that blood circulated. Galen understood that fetal…