Granulomatous liver diseases are a common finding which may be precipitated by infectious microbes or in response to systemic inflammatory or autoimmune processes. Granulomatous hepatitis may occasionally be idiopathic in origin in context of a fever of unknown origin. Granulomas…
Liver tumors are commonly identified on diagnostic and screening imaging studies of the abdomen and require careful interpretation to distinguish between benign and malignant disease. Although malignant liver tumors such as hepatocellular carcinoma are described elsewhere (see Chapter 177 ),…
Liver disease in pregnancy presents unique challenges to the clinician and requires careful and timely assessment. In addition to unique changes in the clinical course of chronic liver diseases (e.g., hepatitis B) which may occur during the course of pregnancy…
Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) represents one of several primary iron overload disorders, such as aceruloplasminemia, ahypotransferrinemia, H-ferritin–associated iron overload, and African iron overload syndrome, and should be distinguished from secondary iron overload disorders such as dietary or parenteral iron overload, chronic…
α 1 -Antitrypsin (α 1 -AT) deficiency is a rare inherited liver disorder associated with both chronic liver disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with emphysema. It is recognized as the most common genetic liver disease in infants and…
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Drug-induced liver injury (DILI), also described as hepatotoxicity due to medications, is a common and potentially serious cause of acute and chronic liver disease. Many drugs have the capacity to cause hepatotoxicity ( Fig. 169.1 ). In addition, a growing…
Infectious Mononucleosis Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the causative pathogen for infectious mononucleosis and has been associated with a number of diseases involving B cells, including Burkitt lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder. Acute clinical features of infectious mononucleosis include…
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an enveloped, double-strand DNA virus within the Hepadnavirus family that can cause acute and chronic hepatitis. In certain populations, including Southeast Asians, Alaskan natives, and sub-Saharan Africans, in areas where HBV is highly endemic, the…
Acute hepatitis with a predominant hepatocellular pattern of liver injury may occur as a consequence of a diverse spectrum of etiologies, including both nonhepatotrophic and hepatotrophic viruses. Among the latter group, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis E infections are…