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As the population ages, the prevalence of heart failure continues to escalate. Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) comprises approximately 50% of the admission diagnoses for heart failure. The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association categorizes heart failure into…

According to the American Heart Association (AHA) heart disease and stroke statistics, in the year 2014, more than 300,000 pacemakers (PMs) and 60,000 intracardiac defibrillators (ICDs) were implanted in United States. As the population continues to age, the number of…

In clinical practice, regular exercise is encouraged as an essential strategy in the prevention of incident coronary artery disease and heart failure. Regular, intense, and rigorous bouts of exercise, largely at a competitive level, have been associated with alterations in…