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Cytomegalovirus Sonya S. Abdel-Razeq Introduction The acronym TORCH refers to a group of organisms associated with congenital infections: t oxoplasmosis, o ther (congenital syphilis and viruses), r ubella, c ytomegalovirus (CMV), and h erpes simplex virus (HSV). The approximate number of…
Introduction Omphalocele is classified as a ventral wall defect in which there is midline herniation of abdominal viscera into the base of the umbilical cord. Before the 1950s, gastroschisis was considered a variant of omphalocele. It is now known that…
Introduction Gastroschisis, a full thickness paraumbilical defect in the abdominal wall that results in herniation of the fetal midgut, has been considered an entity embryologically distinct from omphalocele since the mid-1950s. The widespread availability of prenatal ultrasound (US) and of…
Introduction The fetal adrenal glands can be reliably imaged on prenatal ultrasound. The adrenal glands are located in a retroperitoneal, paraspinous location, cephalad to the upper renal poles. The gland is composed of a hypoechogenic cortex and a thin echogenic…
Introduction The thymus is a lymphoepithelial organ with key adaptive immune functions during both intrauterine and extrauterine life. The thymus develops from the third pharyngeal pouch, which gives rise to endodermal-derived thymic cortical epithelium, and the third pharyngeal cleft, which…