Introduction Limb–body wall complex (LBWC) refers to a combination of multiple malformations involving the craniofacial structures, thoracoabdominal wall, extremities, and spine. LBWC is almost uniformly lethal and associated with a very poor outcome because of, among other factors, pulmonary hypoplasia.…
Introduction Although umbilical vascular anomalies are congenital malformations seen commonly, venous abnormalities of the umbilical vein, such as an umbilical cord varix, are rare. The widespread use of routine sonography has facilitated the prenatal diagnosis of umbilical vein varix (UVV),…
Introduction The widespread use of high-resolution ultrasound (US) in routine obstetric care has led to greater detection of placental and umbilical cord abnormalities. Cysts of the umbilical cord have been reported in all trimesters. The clinical significance and prognosis of…
Introduction Amniotic band sequence (ABS) refers to a broad group of highly variable congenital anomalies involving multiple fetal structures. Embryologically normal fetal structures become entangled in amniotic bands, leading to constriction, disruption, and malformation defects. The term sequence describes this…