The resting adult heart rate normally ranges from 60 to 100 beats per minute (bpm). Heart rate and rhythm abnormalities occur frequently in critically ill patients, and the incidence of sustained arrhythmias can approach 40% in some intensive care unit…
The resting adult heart rate normally ranges from 60 to 100 beats per minute (bpm). Heart rate and rhythm abnormalities occur frequently in critically ill patients, and the incidence of sustained arrhythmias can approach 40% in some intensive care unit…
The kidney is a complex multifunctional organ that can be affected by anesthesia and the physiologic alterations of the perioperative period. The main functions of the kidney in the context of anesthesiology include (1) regulation of salt and water balance,…