Anatomy, embryology, and pathophysiology ◼ The prostate is a cone-shaped exocrine gland located inferior to the bladder and anterior to the rectum. It surrounds the uppermost segment of the urethra and is enveloped by an incomplete fibromuscular capsule. ◼ The…
Introduction Evaluation of the male pelvis can be performed with several imaging modalities, including computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasonography (US), depending on the clinical indication and anatomic region of interest. US may be the first study…
Imaging Traditionally, the seminal vesicles were evaluated with seminal vesiculography. This has largely been replaced by computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound ( Figure 74-1 ). Computed Tomography The seminal vesicles are of soft tissue attenuation (…
Benign Focal Prostate Lesions Etiology Benign focal lesions of the prostate include benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (see Chapter 72 ), congenital cysts, acquired cysts, prostatitis (acute bacterial, chronic bacterial, chronic pelvic pain syndrome [inflammatory and noninflammatory], and asymptomatic prostatitis), prostatic…
Etiology Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is characterized by the increased volume of prostatic stroma and glandular epithelial cells involving the transitional zone and periurethral region of the prostate. Hormones such as androgens (testosterone and dihydrotestosterone [DHT]) and estrogens are thought…
Lymph Node Imaging Techniques Imaging evaluation of lymph nodes forms an integral component of staging of various malignancies, including lymphomas, and is also helpful in the evaluation of certain infective and inflammatory processes within the abdomen. This has special relevance…
Technical Aspects Diagnostic imaging of the hepatobiliary system, with multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), plays a major role in hepatobiliary surgery, helping to choose the best therapeutic approach, reduce complications, and identify the anatomy requiring special…
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are the two most common and well-characterized primary cholestatic disorders. In contrast to pathologic processes derived primarily from hepatocellular dysfunction, such as viral hepatitis and autoimmune hepatitis, the primary insult in…
The hepatic veno-occlusive diseases are a heterogeneous group of circulatory disorders characterized by obstruction of hepatic venous outflow at the sinusoidal or postsinusoidal levels. These disorders uniquely manifest portal hypertension before overt hepatic parenchymal disease and dysfunction, in contrast to…
Cirrhosis Etiology Virtually any chronic insult to the liver, if sufficiently severe and long-standing, may result in cirrhosis. In the United States, the most common causes are hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and alcohol ingestion, whereas in Asia and sub-Saharan…