Synopsis ■ Upper extremity allografts consist of multiple tissues of variable immunogenicity such as skin, lymph nodes, bone marrow, nerves, vessels, muscles, and bone. ■ Transplantation can restore the appearance, anatomy, and function of non-salvageable upper extremity loss by replacing…
Background Facial Transplantation Experience The first facial transplantation was completed in France in 2005. Since that time, over 37 facial transplantations have been performed around the world. Of these cases, at least 28 have been the result of facial trauma.…
Introduction Zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures are one of the most common facial fractures, second only to nasal bone fractures. , The ZMC plays a key functional and aesthetic role for the face—the zygomatic arch serves as the cranial insertion point…
Introduction Several indications necessitate posttraumatic orbital reconstruction. For example, restrictive diplopia secondary to entrapment of extraocular muscles can lead to irreversible muscle ischemia and necrosis within hours, thus requiring emergent surgery. In particular, pediatric patients are especially susceptible to extraocular…
Introduction Orthognathic surgery outcomes depend not only on surgical technique, but also on appropriate diagnosis and treatment planning. The adoption of computer-assisted design/computed-assisted manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology, computer-assisted surgical planning (CaSP), and three-dimensional (3D) printing has created a paradigm shift for…
Introduction Computer-assisted design (CAD) and computer-assisted manufacturing (CAM) can play a unique role in craniofacial surgery because of the intricate three-dimensional (3D) anatomic considerations inherent to this field. Through the use of CAD/CAM techniques, surgeons can uniquely plan for each…