General Principles Overview The understanding of hip pathology has substantially improved recently because of more specific clinical tests, better imaging diagnosis, and discovery of new entities. Hip pathologies include femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), borderline dysplasia, femoral anteversion, hip instability, and femoral…
Introduction Focal chondral defects ( FCDs ) constitute a common finding, with a reported incidence of 4.2% and 6.2% in the general population in patients younger than 40, resulting in more than 200,000 surgical procedures per year ( Fig. 22.1…
Introduction In the United States a meniscal tear is the most common diagnosis among patients undergoing knee arthroscopy, with incidence rates reported to exceed 50 people per 100,000. Patients with meniscal tears or meniscal deficiency have been shown over time…
Anatomy and Function The lateral aspect of the knee is composed of 28 unique structures that act as static and dynamic stabilisers of the knee during varus and rotational motion. To properly appreciate the anatomy and function of these structures,…
Introduction The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is the largest and strongest ligament in the knee, with a unique innate healing capacity. Therefore, as opposed to other ligaments such as the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), injuries to the PCL less commonly…
Knee Anatomy Superficial Anatomy An understanding of the superficial anatomy is essential to explore the knee in a correct manner ( Fig. 89.1 ). When the knee is viewed from the anterior aspect, the presence of the patella is highlighted.…
OVERVIEW Chapter synopsis The goal of this chapter is to provide a review of diagnostic tools, surgical indications, and operative treatment of posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries, focusing on arthroscopic double-bundle PCL reconstruction. Important points Isolated PCL injuries should be…